1. Main products of theoretical complete combustion (trace species ignored)

• $CO_2$ from carbon
• $H_2O$ from hydrogen and fuel moisture
• $SO_2$ from sulfur
• $N_2$ from air and fuel nitrogen
• If $\alpha>1$, excess $O_2$

2. Calculation from elemental analysis (kmol/kg fuel)
   Let elemental mass fractions be $C,H,O,S,N$ (kg/kg):

• $n_{CO_2} = \dfrac{C}{12}$
• $n_{H_2O} = \dfrac{H}{2} + \dfrac{W}{18}$ (if fuel moisture $W$ is included, kg/kg)
• $n_{SO_2} = \dfrac{S}{32}$
• Theoretical oxygen: $n_{O_2,0} = \dfrac{C}{12} + \dfrac{H}{4} + \dfrac{S}{32} - \dfrac{O}{32}$
• Nitrogen from air: $n_{N_2,air} = \dfrac{0.79}{0.21}\,(\alpha n_{O_2,0})$
• Fuel nitrogen to nitrogen: $n_{N_2,fuel} = \dfrac{N}{28}$
• Excess oxygen: $n_{O_2,ex} = (\alpha-1)n_{O_2,0}$

Dry flue gas (no water):

• $n_{dry} = n_{CO_2} + n_{SO_2} + n_{N_2,air} + n_{N_2,fuel} + n_{O_2,ex}$

Standard-state volume:

• $V = 22.414\ n$ (m^3/kg)